In this section, you will find easy-to-understand explanations of each grammar table to help you get the most out of your Spanish Study Card.
You will find explanations of the layout, the content, and the grammar points with examples.
If you come across an English grammar term you are not familiar with, check the Glossary on this website by clicking here.
Remember that you can use your Spanish Study Card with any textbook you may be using.
The Spanish card displays 38 independent tables with the most important grammar elements.
LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DE SUJETO (Subject Personal Pronouns) determine the three main colours used in the card.
The three main colours used in the grammar charts are yellow, purple and green.
As you can see, the table has also two shades, light and dark. The light column shows you the persons in the singular, and the dark column shows you the persons in the plural form.
Always think of the Subject Personal Pronouns as the persons who do the action. In English, they are the words I, you, he, she, it, we, you, and they.
They are divided into first, second and third persons, in singular and plural.
Think of the persons in terms of priority. The first person is the most important to you. This pronoun includes you on your own, I, or with someone else, we. These are represented in light and dark yellow.
The second level of priority is the person you are talking to, you, in singular or in the plural. These persons are represented in light and dark purple.
The third most important person is whoever is not in the room. he, she, it, they. These persons are represented in light and dark green.
Singular Pronouns
1st person: I – yo
2nd person: you – tú
3rd persons: he, she and it – él/ella
Plural Pronouns
1st person: we – nosotros, nosotras
2nd person: you – vosotros, vosotras
3rd person: they – ellos, ellas
*2nd person singular: you (formal) – usted
*2nd person plural: you (formal)– ustedes
*2nd person singular : you – usted
Usted means you in English, but it’s the formal way to address someone. It’s in the group of green colours because it’s conjugated like the third person él and ella.
*2nd person plural: you – ustedes
Ustedes means you (plural) in English. Ustedes is the formal way of vosotros, vosotras. It’s in the group of green dark colours because it’s conjugated like the third person plural ellos and ellas.
In Latin America, ustedes is the only form of you in the plural. Vosotros and vosotras isn’t used.
In English, when you talk about a group of women or men, you use the word they. In Spanish, you need to use a specific word depending on the gender being referred to.
Get familiar with the colour pattern to easily identify the word or ending you need according to the person you’re using.
With your card in hand, go through this section to find the explanations on the content of your Spanish Study Card. Or you can also skip to the name of the table you wish to expand your information on.
The section below is intended to be a general explanation of grammar created for you to understand the layout of your card, in order to take full advantage of it. By no means should this section be considered a course on its own.
Example:
el libro – the book
Example:
la casa – the house
Example:
los libros – the books
Example:
las casas – the houses
Example:
un libro – a book
Example:
una casa – a house
Example:
unos libros, – some books
Example:
unas casas – some houses
Example:
Yo soy irlandesa. I’m Irish.
Él es muy amable. He’s very kind.
Ella vive en Canada. She lives in Canada.
Nosotros tenemos dos hijos. We have two kids.
Example:
Soy irlandesa. I’m Irish.
Es muy amable. He’s very kind.
Vive en Canada. She lives in Canada.
Tenemos dos hijos. We have two kids.
This is a very important verb which you will be using all the time.
Example:
(Yo) soy alta. I’m tall.
(Ellos) son franceses. They are French.
(Vosotros) sois muy inteligentes. You are very intelligent.
Carlos es abogado. Carlos is a lawyer.
Example:
La fiesta es el sábado. The party is on Saturday.
El concierto es a las 8:00 de la noche. The concert is at 8:00 pm.
Example:
El coche negro es mío. The black car is mine.
Los calcetines con rayas rojas son de Tomás. The socks with red stripes are Thomas.
Example:
Hay una piscina. There is a pool.
Hay un castillo. There is a castle.
Hay unos libros sobe la mesa. There are some books on the table.
Example:
No hay un banco en esta calle. There isn’t a bank on this street.
This table displays the pronouns you need to use to express likes and dislikes. They are represented in the same colour coded system as the Subject Personal Pronouns.
Example:
Me encanta la música. I love music.
Example:
Me encantan los deportes. I love sports.
Example:
A Gabriel no le gusta la carne. Gabriel doesn’t like meat.
Example:
A mí no me gusta la cebolla. I don’t like onions.
A ti te encanta la lectura. You love reading.
Example:
A él le encantan las motocicletas. He loves motorcycles.
A vosotras os interesa la gastronomía mexicana. You (plural) are interested in Mexican gastronomy.
This table displays the Possessive Adjectives in the singular and plural forms.
Example:
Nuestra, vuestra.
Nuestros, nuestras, vuestros, vuestras.
Example:
mi padre – my father
mi madre – my mother
mis amigos –my friends
vuestras amigas – your friends
nuestros hermanos – our brothers
This table displays the Possessive Pronouns in the masculine form. The letters in brackets, indicate the letters you need to add to form the plurals in the masculine and feminine form.
o for masculine singular
os for masculine plural
a for feminine singular
as for feminine plural
Example:
Es el gato de Claudio; es suyo. It’s Claudio’s cat; it’s his.
Esta revista no es mía. This magazine is not mine.
Los papeles con tinta negra son vuestros. The papers with blue ink are yours.
This table displays 36 common Adjectives. They are given in the singular masculine form.
Example:
El pueblo (masculine) es pequeño. The town is small.
Los pueblos (m) son pequeños. The towns are small.
La casa (feminine) es pequeña. The house is small.
Las casas (f) son pequeñas. The houses are small.
Example:
La manzana es verde. The apple is green.
El césped es verde. The book is green.
Example:
Este documento es muy importante. This document is very important.
La comida es excelente. The food is excellent.
Estos zapatos están enormes. These shoes are huge.
Example:
La profesora es joven. The teacher is young.
El profesor es joven. The teacher is young.
Los profesores son jóvenes. The teachers are young.
Las bolsas son azules. The bags are blue.
This table in your card shows the six Reflexive Pronouns, with the colour coded system.
me – myself
te – yourself
se – himself
se – herself
nos – ourselves
os – yourselves (plural informal),
se – themselves, yourselves (plural formal)
Example:
ducharse – to wash/shower
reflexive pronoun + duchar + ending
(Yo) me ducho. I shower. (myself)
levantarse – to get up
Los sábados nos levantamos temprano. We get up early on Saturdays.
Example:
This means, there’s a vowel change in divertirse. The e changes to ie in all the persons, except in nosotros y vosotros.
Example:
Ellos se divierten. They have fun.
Nosotros también nos divertimos. We also have fun.
The centre pages have plenty of information on verbs. To take full advantage of the Spanish Study Card, it’s important to understand the layout and colour-coded system.
Example:
Los lunes voy al supermercado. I go to the supermarket on Mondays.
Lars vive en Suecia. Lars lives in Sweden.
Mi vuelo sale a las 4:00 pm. My flight leaves at 4:00 pm.
(Yo) trabajo en una oficina. I work in an office.
To form the Present tense is quite easy:
Example:
hablar – to speak
comer – to eat
vivir – to live
hablo – I speak
hablas – you speak
él/ella Ud. habla – he/she/you -formal- speaks
hablamos –we speak
habláis – you speak (plural informal )
ellos / ellas hablan – they speak
Use the table called FRECUENCIA on your table, to form complete personal sentences.
Remember to practise them out loud.
IRREGULAR VERBS
Example:
pensar – to think
pienso – I think
piensas – you think
piensa – he/she thinks
pensamos – we think
pensáis – you think (plural informal)
piensan – they think
Example:
encontrar – to find
encuentro – I find
encontramos – we find
encontráis – you find (plural informal)
Example:
pedir – to ask for
pido – I ask for
pedimos – we ask for
pedistéis – you ask for (plural informal)
You can practise the conjugation of these irregularities with some common verbs given in your card.
Example:
conocer – to know
(yo) conozco – I know
conoces – you know
conoce – he/she knows
conocemos – we know
conocéis – you know (plural informal)
conocen – they know
These two verbs are very common, so you should learn the conjugations very well.
Example:
Voy al gimnasio todos los días. I go to the gym every day.
Jorge va al cine una vez al mes. Jorge goes to the cinema once a month.
Hugo va a viajar en Mayo – Hugo is going to travel in May. (future meaning)
Example:
El restaurante está en la esquina. The restaurant is on the corner.
Example:
Estoy enfermo. I’m sick
Estamos muy emocionados. We’re very excited.
Example:
¿Estáis escuchando? Are you listening?
Example:
estudiar – estudi + ando = estudiando (studying)
Estoy estudiando para mi examen. I’m studying for my exam.
vivir – viv + iendo = viviendo (living)
Franco está viviendo con sus abuelos. Franco is living with his grandparents.
comer – com + iendo = comiendo
David está comiendo sano. Davis is eating healthily.
Example:
leer – leyendo (reading)
oir – oyendo (listening)
decir – diciendo (saying)
Masculine
este – this
ese– that
aquel – that – further away
estos – these
esos – those
aquellos – those – further away
Feminine
esta – this
esa – that
aquella (that – further away)
estas, (these)
esas, (those)
aquellas (those – further away)
Example:
¿Me puedes pasar aquella bolsa negra? Can you pass me that black bag?
Nunca olvidaré aquel día. I will never forget that day. (día is a masculine noun)
The main topic in this page is the Pretérito (Past Tense). This page has an upper and lower U table.
In the centre of the page, you will find the regular endings for Pretérito for the –ar, –er and –ir verbs for each person in the colour-coded system:
Example:
Compré dos boletos para el concierto. I bought two tickets for the concert.
Forming the Pretérito:
Example:
hablar – to speak
comer – to eat
vivir – to live
Example:
hablar – habl + é = hablé (I spoke)
comer – com + í = comí (I ate)
vivir – viv + í = viví (I lived)
The bottom U table in your card shows 15 different irregular verbs in Pretérito, divided into 4 different categories with 4 different colours.
The changes in these groups of verbs happen in the third person in singular and in the plural, él, ella, ellos, ellas, plus usted and ustedes because they’re conjugated as a third person.
For easy reference, the verbs are already conjugated for you.
Example:
pedir – to ask for
pidió – he/she asked for
pidieron – they, you (plural) asked for
e>i
leer – to read
leyó (he/she read)
sonreír – sonrí – sonrió
PRETÉRITO IRREGULAR EN YO
This box shows the change: gar – gué that occurs only in the first person singular yo (I). Conjugate the verb with the regular endings for Pretérito.
Example:
pagar – to pay
pagué – I paid
pagaste – you paid
pagó – he/she paid
pagamos – we paid
pagasteis – you paid (plural informal)
pagaron– they paid
Example:
tocar – to touch
toqué – I touched
tocamos– we touched
tocasteis – you touched (plural informal)
Example:
empezar– to start
empecé – I started
empezamos – we started
empezasteis – you started (plural informal)
You can practise the conjugation of these irregularities with some common verbs given in your card.
These 12 irregular verbs should be studied thoroughly. The roots of the verbs are very irregular, and the endings are different from the regular endings in Pretérito.
Example:
poner – to put
pus-
puse – I put
puso – he/she put
pusimos – we put
pusieron – they put
querer – want
quis
quise – I wanted
quiso – he/she wanted
quisimos – we wanted
quisieron – they wanted
Example:
decir – to say
dij-
dije – I said
dijeron – they said
This table displays the conjugations of four very irregular and very common verbs in Pretérito:
ser/ir, dar, pedir and hacer
Example:
Ayer fui al supermercado. Yesterday I went to the supermarket.
Fui un buen estudiante en la secundaria. I was a good student in secondary school.
This box shows the changes that these verbs suffer in the third person singular and plural.
Example:
leer – to read
leí – I read
leíste – you read
leyó – he/she read
leímos –we read
leíste – you read (informal plural)
leyeron – they read
Example:
Compré flores. – I bought flowers.
Carlos llamó a Luis. – Carlos called Luis.
Example:
Compré flores. – I bought flowers. (feminine noun)
Las compré. – I bought them.
Daniel compró chocolates. – Daniel bought chocolates. (masculine noun)
Daniel los compró or los compró Daniel. – Daniel bought them.
Example:
Le di las llaves a mi hermano. I gave the keys to my brother.
Te escribí una carta. I wrote you a letter.
Example:
Te escribí una carta. I wrote you a letter.
Te la escribí. I wrote it for you.
Mi mamá me mandó un email. My mom sent me an email.
Mi mamá me lo mandó. My mom sent it to me.
Example:
Necesito leer este libro. I need to read this book.
Lo necesito leer or necesito leerlo. I need to read it.
Example:
Le quiero enseñar esta foto a Oscar. / Quiero enseñarle esta foto a Oscar. I want to show this photo to Oscar.
Example:
Le quiero enseñar esta foto a Oscar / Quiero enseñarle esta foto a Oscar. I want to show this photo to Oscar.
Se la quiero enseñar. / Quiero enseñársela. I want to show it to him.
Example:
No soy francés. Im not French.
No hablo alemán. I don’t speak German.
No voy a viajar este año. I’m not going to travel this year.
Example:
No espero nada. I expect nothing.
No conozco a nadie. I know no one.
No tengo ni su número ni su dirección. I don’t have his number nor his address.
Example:
Nunca viajé a esa parte de Italia. I never travelled to that part of Italy.
Jamás regresaré a ese restaurnte. I will never go back to that restaurant.
Nadie me explicó las instrucciones. Nobody explained the instructions to me.
Example:
Cuando tenía 8 años, jugaba con mi perro Fido. When I was 8 years old, I used to play with my dog Fido.
Lo recuerdo muy bien, era un día lluvioso, tú llevabas un abrigo marrón. I remember it very well, it was a rainy day, you were wearing a brown coat.
Example:
hablar, comer, vivir
habl +
com +
viv+
hablaba – I spoke, I used to speak, I was speaking
comía – I ate, I used to eat, I was eating
vivía – I lived, I used to live, I was eating
Example:
hablar, comer, vivir +
hablaré – I will speak
comeremos – we will eat
vivirán – they will live
Example:
¿Estará pensando en mí? I wonder if he’s thinking about me.
Tendrá mucho tiempo libre. He probably has too much free time.
Viajaré por todo el mundo. I’ll travel all around the world.
Example:
Gabriel va a traer la comida. Gabriel s bringing the food.
Vamos a llegar temprano. We’re going to arrive early.
Vais a ir con nosotros? Are you going with us?
Voy a salir. I’m going out.
Van a estudiar italiano. They’re going to study Italian.
No voy a desayunar. I’m not having breakfast.
This table displays the endings needed to conjugate the verbs in Conditional.
hablar, comer, vivir +
hablaría – I would talk
comeríais – you would eat (plural informal)
viviríamos– we would live
This table shows the irregularities of some verbs in condicional and futuro.
Example:
salir –saldr- ( to go out, to leave)
tener – tendr– (to have)
valer – valdr– (to be worth, to cost)
venir – vendr– (to come)
Example:
saldré – I will go out
saldría – I would
tendrás – you will have
tendrías – you would have
valdrá – it will cost
valdría – it would cost
vendremos – we will come
vendríamos – we would come
Example:
caber – cabr– ( to fit)
cabrás, cabrías
querer – querr– (want)
querremos, querríamos
saber – sabr – (to know)
sabrán, sabrían
Example:
decir – dir–
hacer – har–
Example:
diré, diría ( I will say, I would say)
haré, haría (I will do, I would do)
This table shows 10 common endings in English that are very similar in Spanish.
Example:
–ar –ar – espectacular – spectacular
–ary –ario(a) – canary – canario
These verbs can be used with a verb without conjugation. Only the first verb is conjugated.
Example:
Querer comer
Quiero comer
Quieres comer
Quiere comer
Queremos comer
Queréis comer
Quieren comer
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